Master advanced carotid duplex and color flow imaging with this comprehensive 100-question ARDMS-style exam. This module covers NASCET stenosis grading criteria (PSV thresholds ≥125, ≥230 cm/s, EDV thresholds ≥40, ≥100 cm/s, ICA/CCA ratios ≥2.0, ≥4.0), factors affecting velocity accuracy (cardiac output, tandem lesions, contralateral occlusion, tortuosity, kinking), near occlusion and string sign, plaque characterization (intraplaque hemorrhage, ulceration, fibrous vs lipid-rich, heterogeneous vs homogeneous), advanced color and spectral optimization (gain, PRF, persistence, baseline inversion, sample volume sizing, sweep speed, wall filter, color maps - velocity/variance/power), standard carotid imaging protocols (bilateral CCA/ICA/ECA/vertebral, longitudinal and transverse imaging, vertebral V2 segment sampling), subclavian steal syndrome (retrograde vertebral flow, arm exercise confirmation), post-intervention imaging (CEA patch, CAS stent surveillance, in-stent restenosis), quality assurance, clinical decision-making (asymptomatic vs symptomatic stenosis thresholds, TIA/amaurosis fugax, watershed infarcts, Hollenhorst plaques, bilateral disease), carotid dissection, and comparative imaging modalities (duplex vs CTA vs MRA vs DSA). Essential for advanced stenosis grading, intervention planning, and comprehensive vascular laboratory practice.

Each question includes detailed explanations covering pathophysiology, sonographic appearances, differential diagnoses, and clinical pearls essential for ARDMS certification.